Joe Quesada, Editor-in-chief Dan Buckley, Publisher, C.O.O.

Stan Lee Stan Lee is an American comic book writer, editor, actor, producer, publisher, television personality, and the former president and chairman of Marvel Comics, former editor-in-chief/publisher/president/chairman Products The noun product is defined as a "thing produced by labor or effort" or the "result of an act or a process", and stems from the verb produce, from the Latin prōdūce '(to) lead or bring forth'. Since 1575, the word "product" has referred to anything produced. Since 1695, the word has referred to "thing or things Comics Comics is a graphic medium in which images convey a sequential narrative. The term derives from the mostly humorous early work in the medium, and came to apply to that form of the medium including those far from comic. The sequential nature of the pictures, and the predominance of pictures over words, distinguishes comics from picture books,/See list of Marvel Comics publications Revenue In business, revenue is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, revenue is referred to as turnover. Some companies receive revenue from interest, dividends or royalties paid to them by other companies. Revenue may US$125,700,000 (2007) ▲ Operating income In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes or operating income is a measure of a firm's profitability that excludes interest and income tax expenses US$53,500,000 (2007) ▲ [1] Owner(s) Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over property, which may be an object, land/real estate or intellectual property. Ownership involves multiple rights, collectively referred to as title, which may be separated and held by different parties. The concept of ownership has existed for thousands of years and in all cultures The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company , also known simply as Disney, is the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt Disney and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, the company was reincorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929. Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader Parent A holding company is a company or firm that owns other companies' outstanding stock. It usually refers to a company which does not produce goods or services itself, rather its only purpose is owning shares of other companies. Holding companies allow the reduction of risk for the owners and can allow the ownership and control of a number of Marvel Entertainment Marvel Entertainment, LLC is an American entertainment company formed from the merger of Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. and Toy Biz, Inc Website A website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path ('/') in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a http://www.marvel.com

Marvel Publishing, Inc., commonly referred to as Marvel Comics, is an American company that publishes comic books A comic book is a magazine made up of narrative artwork in the form of separate "panels" that represent individual scenes, often accompanied by dialog (usually in word balloons, emblematic of the comic book art form) as well as including brief descriptive prose. The first comic book appeared in the United States of America in 1934, and related media. Marvel Entertainment Marvel Entertainment, LLC is an American entertainment company formed from the merger of Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. and Toy Biz, Inc, Inc., a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company , also known simply as Disney, is the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt Disney and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, the company was reincorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929. Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader, owns Marvel Publishing.[2]

Marvel counts among its characters such well-known properties as Spider-Man Spider-Man is a fictional Marvel Comics superhero. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko. He first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 . Lee and Ditko conceived of the character as an orphan being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben, and as a teenager, having to deal with the normal struggles of youth in, Iron Man Iron Man is a fictional superhero who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character debuted in Tales of Suspense #39 , and was created by writer-editor Stan Lee, scripter Larry Lieber, and artists Don Heck and Jack Kirby, the X-Men The X-Men are a superhero team in the Marvel Comics Universe. They were created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, and first appeared in The X-Men #1 . The basic concept of the X-Men is that under a cloud of increasing anti-mutant sentiment, Professor Xavier created a haven at his Westchester mansion to train young mutants to use their, Wolverine Wolverine is a fictional Canadian character who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Born as James Howlett in 1825, and commonly known as Logan, Wolverine is a mutant, possessing animal-keen senses, enhanced physical capabilities, retracting bone claws, and a healing factor that allows him to quickly recover from virtually any wound,, the Hulk The Hulk is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). In 2008, the hobbyist magazine Wizard named the Hulk the seventh-greatest Marvel Comics character. Empire Magazine named him the fourteenth greatest comic book, the Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four is a fictional superhero team appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The group debuted in The Fantastic Four #1 , which helped to usher in a new level of verisimilitude in the medium. The Fantastic Four was the first superhero team created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Jack Kirby, who, Captain America Captain America is a fictional character, a superhero that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 , from Marvel Comics' 1940s predecessor, Timely Comics, and was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. Over the years, an estimated 210 million copies of "Captain America", Daredevil Daredevil is a fictional character, a superhero in the Marvel Comics Universe. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Bill Everett, with an unspecified amount of input from Jack Kirby and first appeared in Daredevil #1 (April 1964), Thor Thor is a fictional superhero who appears in publications published by Marvel Comics. The character first appears in Journey into Mystery #83 and was created by editor-plotter Stan Lee, scripter Larry Lieber, and penciller Jack Kirby, Namor the Submariner, the Punisher The Punisher is a fictional character, an anti-hero in the Marvel Comics Universe. Created by writer Gerry Conway and artists John Romita, Sr. and Ross Andru, the character made its first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), Ghost Rider Ghost Rider is the name of several fictional supernatural antiheroes appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Marvel had previously used the name for a Western character whose name was later changed to Night Rider and subsequently to Phantom Rider, Doctor Strange Doctor Strange is a fictional character that appears in publications published by Marvel Comics. The character was co-created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko and first appeared in Strange Tales #110, the Silver Surfer The Silver Surfer is a Marvel Comics superhero created by Jack Kirby. The character first appears in Fantastic Four #48 , the first of a three-issue arc that fans call "The Galactus Trilogy"; villains such as Dr. Doom Victor von Doom is a fictional character that appears in publications published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #5 . A recurring supervillain and leader of the Marvel Universe nation of Latveria, Doom is both a genius inventor and a sorcerer, and has fought numerous other, the Green Goblin The Green Goblin is a name shared by several fictional supervillains that appear in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 , and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. The original and current Green Goblin, Norman Osborn, is an enemy of Spider-Man. After a serum enhanced, Dr. Octopus, Venom, Magneto Magneto is a fictional character that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appears in X-Men #1 (Sept. 1963), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. A powerful mutant with the ability to generate and control electromagnetic forces, Magneto has been the X-Men's most prominent enemy ever since his, Sabretooth Sabretooth is a fictional character, a Marvel Comics supervillain created by writer Chris Claremont and artist/co-writer John Byrne. The character first appeared in Iron Fist #14 (August 1977). Sabretooth is a mutant who possesses bestial superhuman abilities, most notably a rapid healing factor, razor-sharp fangs and claws, and superhuman senses, Galactus, Red Skull, Kingpin, Bullseye; and others. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe The Marvel Universe is the shared fictional universe where most comic book titles published by Marvel Comics take place, including those featuring Marvel's most familiar characters, such as Spider-Man, the Hulk, the X-Men, and Captain America, with locales set in real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.[3]

The comic-book A comic book is a magazine made up of narrative artwork in the form of separate "panels" that represent individual scenes, often accompanied by dialog (usually in word balloons, emblematic of the comic book art form) as well as including brief descriptive prose. The first comic book appeared in the United States of America in 1934, arm of the company started in 1939 as Timely Publications Timely Comics is the 1940s comic book publishing company that would evolve into first Atlas Comics, and then Marvel Comics. During this era, called the Golden Age of comic books, "Timely" was the umbrella name for the comics division of pulp magazine publisher Martin Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of, and by the 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics Atlas Comics is the 1950s comic book publishing company that would evolve into Marvel Comics. Magazine and paperback-novel publisher Martin Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of corporate entities, used Atlas as the umbrella name for his comic-book division during this time. Atlas was located on the 14th floor of the. Marvel's modern incarnation dates from 1961, with the launching of Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four is a fictional superhero team appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The group debuted in The Fantastic Four #1 , which helped to usher in a new level of verisimilitude in the medium. The Fantastic Four was the first superhero team created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Jack Kirby, who and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee Stan Lee is an American comic book writer, editor, actor, producer, publisher, television personality, and the former president and chairman of Marvel Comics, Jack Kirby Jacob Kurtzberg , better known by the pen name Jack Kirby, was an American comic book artist, writer and editor. Growing up poor in New York City, Kurtzberg entered the nascent comics industry in the 1930s. He drew various comic strips under different pseudonyms, ultimately settling on Jack Kirby. In 1941, Kirby and writer Joe Simon created the, Steve Ditko Stephen J. Ditko is an American comic book artist and writer best known as the co-creator of the Marvel Comics heroes Spider-Man and Doctor Strange, and others. Marvel has since become the largest American comic-book publisher, surpassing its longtime competitor DC Comics DC Comics is one of the largest and most successful companies operating in the market for American comic books and related media. It is the publishing division of DC Entertainment Inc., a subsidiary company of Warner Bros. Entertainment, which itself is owned by Time Warner. DC Comics produces material featuring a large number of well-known.[4]

On December 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company , also known simply as Disney, is the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt Disney and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, the company was reincorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929. Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader acquired Marvel Entertainment Marvel Entertainment, LLC is an American entertainment company formed from the merger of Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. and Toy Biz, Inc for $4.24 billion.

Contents

History

Timely Publications

Main article: Timely Comics Timely Comics is the 1940s comic book publishing company that would evolve into first Atlas Comics, and then Marvel Comics. During this era, called the Golden Age of comic books, "Timely" was the umbrella name for the comics division of pulp magazine publisher Martin Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of
Marvel Comics Marvel Mystery Comics is an American comic book series published during the 1930s-1940s period known to fans and historians as the Golden Age of Comic Books. It was the first publication of Marvel Comics' predecessor, Timely Comics #1 (Oct. 1939), the first comic from Marvel precursor Timely Comics Timely Comics is the 1940s comic book publishing company that would evolve into first Atlas Comics, and then Marvel Comics. During this era, called the Golden Age of comic books, "Timely" was the umbrella name for the comics division of pulp magazine publisher Martin Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of. Cover art by Frank R. Paul.

Martin Goodman Martin Goodman was an American publisher of pulp magazines, paperback books, men's adventure magazines, and comic books, launching the company that would become Marvel Comics founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939.[5] Goodman, a pulp-magazine Pulp magazines were inexpensive fiction magazines. They were published from 1896 through the 1950s. The typical pulp magazine was seven inches wide by ten inches high, a half an inch thick, and 128 pages long. Pulps were printed on cheap paper with ragged, untrimmed edges publisher Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of literature or information – the activity of making information available for public view. In some cases authors may be their own publishers, meaning: originators and developers of content also provide media to deliver and display the content who started by selling a Western Western fiction is a genre of literature set in the American Old West frontier and typically set during the late nineteenth century. Well-known writers of Western fiction include Zane Grey from the early 1900s and Louis L'Amour from the mid 20th century. The genre peaked around the early 1960s, largely due to the popularity of televised Westerns pulp in 1933, expanded into the emerging — and by then already highly popular — new medium of comic books. Goodman began his new line from his existing company's offices at 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, New York. He officially held the titles of editor Editing is the process of selecting and preparing language, images, sound, video, or film through processes of correction, condensation, organization, and other modifications in various media. A person who edits is called an editor. In a sense, the editing process originates with the idea for the work itself and continues in the relationship, managing editor, and business manager In a general context, a business manager is a person who manages the work of others in order to run a business efficiently. He or she should have working smarts of the following areas, and may be a specialist in one or more: sales, marketing, and public relations; research, operations analysis, data processing, mathematics, statistics, and, with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher.[5]

Timely's first publication, Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939), included the first appearance of Carl Burgos' android superhero the Human Torch, and the first generally available appearance of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, among other features. The contents of that sales blockbuster[6] came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc., but by the following year Timely had its own staff in place. With the second issue the series title changed to Marvel Mystery Comics.

The company's first true editor, writer-artist Joe Simon, teamed up with soon-to-become industry-legend Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes, Captain America, in Captain America Comics #1. (March 1941) It, too, proved a major sales hit, with a circulation of nearly one million.[6]

While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these "big three", some notable heroes — many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks — include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and the Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, "Powerhouse Pepper",[7][8] as well as a line of children's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal.

The funny-animal title All Surprise Comics #12 (Winter 1946-47) was labeled "A Marvel Magazine" 14 years before the publisher formally adopted the name.

Goodman hired his wife's cousin,[9] Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939.[10] When editor Simon left the company in late 1941, Goodman made Lieber — by then writing pseudonymously as "Stan Lee" — interim editor of the comics line, a position Lee kept for decades except for three years during his military service in World War II. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles.

Atlas Comics

Main article: Atlas Comics (1950s)

The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion. Goodman's comic-book line dropped them for the most part and expanded into a wider variety of genres than even Timely had published, emphasizing horror, Westerns, humor, funny-animal, men's adventure-drama, crime, and war comics, and later adding a helping of jungle books, romance titles, and even espionage, medieval adventure, Bible stories and sports. Like other publishers, Goodman also courted female readers with mostly humorous comics about models and career women.

Goodman began using the globe logo of Atlas, the newsstand-distribution company he owned, on comics cover-dated November 1951. This united a line put out by the same publisher, staff, and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications, under the umbrella name Atlas Comics.

Atlas, rather than innovate, took what it saw as the proven route of following popular trends in television and movies — Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time — and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line.[11] Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer the Happy Ghost (à la Casper the Friendly Ghost) and Homer Hooper (à la Archie Andrews). Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett), and Captain America (writer Stan Lee, artist John Romita Sr.).

The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961). Cover art by Jack Kirby (penciler) and unconfirmed inker.

1960s

The first comic book under the Marvel Comics brand, the science-fiction anthology Amazing Adventures #3, cover-dated August 1961, appeared May 9, 1961, displaying a box labeled "MC" on its cover.[12] Then, in the wake of DC Comics' success in reviving superheroes in the late 1950s and early 1960s, particularly with the Flash, Green Lantern, and other members of the team the Justice League of America, Marvel followed suit.[13] The introduction of modern Marvel's first superhero team, in The Fantastic Four #1, cover-dated November 1961,[14] began establishing the company's reputation. From then until the end of 1969, Marvel published a total of 831 comic books with at least one new superhero story,[15] the majority of them written by editor-in-chief Stan Lee, in addition to a smattering of Western (such as Rawhide Kid), humor (such as Millie the Model), romance (such as Love Romances), and war comics like Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos.

Editor-writer Lee and freelance artist Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four, reminiscent of the non-superpowered adventuring quartet the Challengers of the Unknown that Kirby had created for DC in 1957, originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to deconstruct the superhero conventions of previous eras and better reflect the psychological spirit of their age.[16] Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a "superheroes in the real world" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success.[17] Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Spider-Man, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men (the original team consisting of Cyclops, Jean Grey, Beast, Angel and Iceman) and Daredevil, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus. Lee and Steve Ditko generated the most successful new series in The Amazing Spider-Man. Marvel even lampooned itself and other comics companies in a parody comic, Not Brand Echh (a play on Marvel's dubbing of other companies as "Brand Echh", à la the then-common phrase "Brand X").[18]

Marvel's comics had a reputation for focusing on characterization to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them.[citation needed] This applied to The Amazing Spider-Man in particular. Its young hero suffered from self-doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager. Marvel often presents flawed superheroes, freaks, and misfits — unlike the perfect, handsome, athletic heroes found in previous traditional comic books. Some Marvel heroes looked like villains and monsters. In time, this non-traditional approach would revolutionize comic books. Writer Geoff Boucher in 2009 reflected that, "Superman and DC Comics instantly seemed like boring old Pat Boone; Marvel felt like The Beatles and the British Invasion. It was Kirby's artwork with its tension and psychedelia that made it perfect for the times — or was it Lee's bravado and melodrama, which was somehow insecure and brash at the same time?"[19]

Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s,

DC was the equivalent of the big Hollywood studios: After the brilliance of DC's reinvention of the superhero ... in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it had run into a creative drought by the decade's end. There was a new audience for comics now, and it wasn't just the little kids that traditionally had read the books. The Marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the French New Wave.... Marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization, addressing more serious themes, and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond. Moreover, among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves, within the new style that Marvel had pioneered, and push the creative envelope still further.[20]
The Avengers #4 (March 1964), with (from left to right), the Wasp, Giant-Man, Captain America, Iron Man, Thor and (inset) the Sub-Mariner. Cover art by Jack Kirby and George Roussos.

Lee, with his charming personality and relentless salesmanship of the company, became one of the best-known names in comics.[citation needed] His sense of humor and generally lighthearted manner became the "voice" that permeated the stories, the letters and news-pages, and the hyperbolic house ads of that era's Marvel Comics. He fostered a clubby fan-following with Lee's exaggerated depiction of the Bullpen (Lee's name for the staff) as one big, happy family. This included printed kudos to the artists, who eventually co-plotted the stories based on the busy Lee's rough synopses or even simple spoken concepts, in what became known as the Marvel Method, and contributed greatly to Marvel's product and success. Kirby in particular is generally credited for many of the cosmic ideas and characters of Fantastic Four and The Mighty Thor, such as the Watcher, the Silver Surfer and Ego the Living Planet, while Steve Ditko is recognized as the driving artistic force behind the moody atmosphere and street-level naturalism of The Amazing Spider-Man and the surreal atmosphere of the Strange Tales mystical feature "Doctor Strange". Lee, however, continues to receive credit for his well-honed skills at dialogue and sense of storytelling, for his keen hand at choosing and motivating artists and assembling creative teams, and for his uncanny ability to connect with the readers — not least through the nickname endearments he bestowed in the credits and the monthly "Bullpen Bulletins" and letters pages, giving readers humanizing hype about the likes of "Jolly Jack Kirby," "Jaunty Jim Steranko", "Rascally Roy Thomas", "Jazzy Johnny Romita", and others, right down to letterers "Swingin' Sammy Rosen" and "Adorable Artie Simek".

Lesser-known staffers during the company's growth in the 1960s (some of whom worked primarily for Marvel publisher Martin Goodman's umbrella magazine corporation) included circulation manager Johnny Hayes, subscriptions person Nancy Murphy, bookkeeper Doris Siegler, merchandising-person Charles "Chip" Goodman (son of publisher Martin), and Arthur Jeffrey, described in the December 1966 "Bullpen Bulletin" as "keeper of our MMMS [Merry Marvel Marching Society] files, guardian of our club coupons and defender of the faith".

In the fall of 1968, company founder Goodman sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing businesses to the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation. It grouped these businesses in a subsidiary called Magazine Management Co. Goodman remained as publisher.[21] In 1969 Marvel finally ended the distribution deal with DC which it had reached under duress during the Atlas years and which had constrained its growth by signing with Curtis Circulation Company.[22]

1970s

In 1971 the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare approached Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Stan Lee to do a comic-book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story portraying drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. However, the industry's self-censorship board, the Comics Code Authority, refused to approve the story because of the presence of narcotics, deeming the context of the story irrelevant. Lee, with Goodman's approval, published the story regardless in The Amazing Spider-Man #96-98 (May-July 1971), without the Comics Code seal. The market reacted well to the storyline, and the CCA subsequently revised the Code the same year.[23]

Howard the Duck #8 (January 1977). Cover art by Gene Colan and Steve Leialoha

Goodman retired as publisher in 1972 and Lee succeeded him, stepping aside from running day-to-day operations at Marvel. A series of new editors-in-chief oversaw the company during another slow time for the industry. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify, and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror (The Tomb of Dracula), martial arts, (Shang-Chi: Master of Kung Fu), sword-and-sorcery (Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja), satire (Howard the Duck) and science fiction (2001: A Space Odyssey, "Killraven" in Amazing Adventures, Star Trek, and, late in the decade, the long-running Star Wars series). Some of these were published in larger-format black and white magazines, that targeted mature readers, under its Curtis Magazines imprint. Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comics line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972, during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux. Goodman increased the price and size of Marvel's November 1971 cover-dated comics from 15 cents for 39 pages total to 25 cents for 52 pages. DC followed suit, but Marvel the following month dropped its comics to 20 cents for 36 pages, offering a lower-priced product with a higher distributor discount.[24]

In 1973, Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation changed its name to "Cadence Industries", which in turn renamed Magazine Management Co. as "Marvel Comics Group". Goodman, now completely disconnected from Marvel, set up a new company called Atlas/Seaboard Comics in 1974, reviving Marvel's old Atlas name, but this lasted only a year-and-a-half.[25]

In the mid-1970s a decline of the newsstand distribution network affected Marvel. Cult hits such as Howard the Duck fell victim to the distribution problems, with some titles reporting low sales when in fact the first specialty comic-book stores resold them at a later date.[citation needed] But by the end of the decade, Marvel's fortunes were reviving, thanks to the rise of direct market distribution — selling through those same comics-specialty stores instead of newsstands.

In October 1976, Marvel, which already licensed reprints in different countries, including the UK, created a superhero specifically for the British market. Captain Britain debuted exclusively in the UK, and later appeared in American comics.[26]

1980s

Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars #1 (May 1984). Cover art by Mike Zeck.[27]

In 1978, Jim Shooter became Marvel's editor-in-chief. Although a controversial personality, Shooter cured many of the procedural ills at Marvel, including repeatedly missed deadlines. The company enjoyed some of its best successes during Shooter's nine-year tenure as Editor-in-Chief, most notably Chris Claremont and John Byrne's run on the Uncanny X-Men and Frank Miller's run on Daredevil. Also under Shooter's editorial reign, Walt Simonson revamped The Mighty Thor and made it a bestseller again. Shooter brought Marvel into the rapidly evolving direct market,[28] institutionalized creator royalties, starting the Epic imprint for creator-owned material in 1982; introduced company-wide crossover story arcs with Contest of Champions and Secret Wars; and launched a new, albeit ultimately unsuccessful, line named New Universe, to commemorate the Marvel Universe's 25th anniversary in 1986.

Despite Marvel's successes in the early 1980s, however, it lost ground to rival DC in the latter half of the decade, as many former Marvel stars defected to their competitor. DC scored critical and sales victories[29] with titles and limited series like Watchmen, Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, Crisis on Infinite Earths, John Byrne's revamp of Superman, and Alan Moore's Swamp Thing.

In 1981, Marvel purchased the DePatie-Freleng Enterprises animation studio from Looney Tunes director Friz Freleng and his business-partner David H. DePatie. The company was renamed Marvel Productions and produced animated TV series and movies featuring such characters and properties as G.I. Joe, Transformers, Jim Henson's Muppet Babies, and Dungeons & Dragons, as well as cartoons based on Marvel characters, including Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends.

In 1986, Marvel was sold to New World Entertainment, which within three years sold it to MacAndrews and Forbes, owned by Revlon executive Ronald Perelman.

1990s

Spider-Man #1, later renamed "Peter Parker: Spider-Man" (August 1990; second printing). Cover art by Todd McFarlane.

Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the comic-book boom of the early 1990s, launching the successful 2099 line of comics set in the future (Spider-Man 2099, etc.) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Clive Barker. Yet by the middle of the decade, the industry had slumped, and in December 1996 Marvel filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.[30]

In 1991, Ronald Perelman, whose company MacAndrews and Forbes had purchased Marvel in 1986, took the company public in a New York Stock Exchange stock-offering underwritten by Merrill Lynch and First Boston Corporation. As part of the process, Marvel Productions sold its back catalog to Saban Entertainment (which was acquired in 2001 by The Walt Disney Company).[citation needed] Following the rapid rise of this popular stock, Perleman issued a series of junk bonds that he used to acquire other children's entertainment companies. Many of these bond offerings were purchased by Carl Icahn Partners, which later wielded much control during Marvel's court-ordered reorganization after Marvel went bankrupt in 1996. In 1997, after protracted legal battles, control landed in the hands of Isaac Perlmutter, owner of the Marvel subsidiary Toy Biz.[30] With his business partner Avi Arad, publisher Bill Jemas, and editor-in-chief Bob Harras, Perlmutter helped revitalize the comics line.[31]

Marvel's logo, circa 1990s

Also in the early 1990s, Marvel created Marvel Studios, devoted to film and TV projects. Arad became director of that division in 1993, with production accelerating in 1998 following the success of the film Blade, based on the Marvel character.[citation needed]

Marvel suffered a major blow in early 1992, when seven of its most prized artists — Todd McFarlane (known for his work on Spider-Man), Jim Lee (X-Men), Rob Liefeld (X-Force), Marc Silvestri (Wolverine), Erik Larsen (The Amazing Spider-Man), Jim Valentino (Guardians of the Galaxy), and Whilce Portacio — left to form the successful company Image Comics.[32]

In late 1994, Marvel acquired the comic-book distributor Heroes World Distribution to use as its own exclusive distributor.[33] As the industry's other major publishers made exclusive distribution deals with other companies, the ripple effect resulted in the survival of only one other major distributor in North America, Diamond Comic Distributors Inc.[34][35] In early 1997, when Marvel's Heroes World endeavor failed, Diamond also forged an exclusive deal with Marvel[36] — giving the company its own section of its comics catalog Previews.[37]

Creatively and commercially, the '90s were dominated by the use of gimmickry to boost sales, such as variant covers, cover enhancements, swimsuit issues. In 1991 Marvel began selling Marvel Universe Cards with trading card maker SkyBox International. These were collectible trading cards that featured the characters and events of the Marvel Universe. The following year, Marvel acquired the Fleer Corporation, also known primarily for its trading cards.

Another common Marvel practice of this period was regular company-wide crossovers that threw the universe's continuity into disarray. In 1996, Marvel had almost all its titles participate in the "Onslaught Saga", a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters, such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four, in the Heroes Reborn universe, in which Marvel defectors (and now Image Comics stars) Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld were given permission to revamp the properties from scratch. After an initial sales bump, sales quickly declined below expected levels, and Marvel discontinued the experiment after a one-year run; the characters soon returned to the Marvel Universe proper. In 1998, the company launched the imprint Marvel Knights, taking place within Marvel continuity; helmed by soon-to-become editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, it featured tough, gritty stories showcasing such characters as the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil.

2000s

With the new millennium, Marvel Comics escaped from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force #119 (October 2001).

Marvel also created new imprints, such as MAX (a line intended for mature readers) and Marvel Age (developed for younger audiences). In addition, the company created an alternate universe imprint, Ultimate Marvel, that allowed the company to reboot their major titles by deconstructing and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation. The company has also revamped its graphic-novel division, establishing a bigger presence in the bookstore market.[citation needed] As of 2010[update], Marvel remains a key comics publisher, even as the industry has dwindled to a fraction of its peak size decades earlier.[citation needed] Some of its characters have been turned into successful film franchises, the highest-grossing being the X-Men movie series, starting in 2000, and the Spider-Man series, beginning in 2002.[38]

In 2002, Stan Lee sued successfully for a share of income related to movies and merchandising of Marvel characters, based on a contract between Lee and Marvel from the late 1990s; according to court documents, Marvel had used "Hollywood accounting" to claim that those projects' "earnings" were not profits.[39]

In a cross-promotion, the November 1, 2006, episode of the CBS soap opera The Guiding Light, titled "She's a Marvel", featured the character Harley Davidson Cooper (played by Beth Ehlers) as a superheroine named the Guiding Light.[40] The character's story continued in an eight-page backup feature, "A New Light", that appeared in several Marvel titles published November 1 and 8.[41] Also that year, Marvel created a wiki on its Web site.[42]

In late 2007 the company launched an online initiative, announcing Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited, a digital archive of over 2,500 back issues available for viewing, for a monthly or annual subscription fee.[43]

In 2009 Marvel Comics closed its Open Submissions Policy, in which the company had accepted unsolicited samples from aspiring comic-book artists, saying the time-consuming review process had produced no suitably professional work.[44]

On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion, with Marvel shareholders to receive $30 and 0.745 Disney for each share of Marvel they own.[45] Disney had already owned a backlog of Marvel-related TV series since 2001, when it bought Saban Entertainment.[46] The shareholder vote took place December 31, 2009 and the merger was approved.[47] The acquisition of Marvel was finalized hours after the shareholders voted.[48] The company was subsequently delisted from the New York Stock Exchange under its ticker symbol (MVL).

As of 2010[update], Stan Lee, though no longer officially connected to the company save for the title of "Chairman Emeritus", remains a visible face in the industry.

Editors-in-chief

The Marvel editor-in-chief oversees the largest-scale creative decisions taken within the company. The position evolved sporadically. In the earliest years, the company had a single editor overseeing the entire line. As the company grew, it became increasingly common for individual titles to be overseen separately. The concept of the "writer-editor" evolved, stemming from when Lee wrote and managed most of the line's output. Overseeing the line in the 1970s was a series of chief editors, though the titles were used intermittently. By the time Jim Shooter took the post in 1978, the position of editor-in-chief was clearly defined.

In 1994, Marvel briefly abolished the position, replacing Tom DeFalco with five "group editors", though each held the title "editor-in-chief" and had some editors underneath them. It reinstated the overall editor-in-chief position in 1995, installing Bob Harras. Joe Quesada became editor-in-chief in 2000.

Offices

Located in New York City, Marvel has been successively headquartered in the McGraw-Hill Building,[5][49] where it originated as Timely Comics in 1939; in suite 1401 of the Empire State Building;[49] at 635 Madison Avenue (the actual location, though the comic books' indicia listed the parent publishing-company's address of 625 Madison Ave.);[49] 575 Madison Avenue;[49] 387 Park Avenue South;[49] 10 East 40th Street;[49] and 417 Fifth Avenue.[49]

Marvel characters in other media

Marvel characters and stories have been adapted to many other media. Some of these adaptations were produced by Marvel Comics and its sister company, Marvel Studios, while others were produced by companies licensing Marvel material.

Television programs

Main article: List of television series based on Marvel Comics

Many television series, both live-action and animated, have based their productions on Marvel Comics characters. These include multiple series for popular characters such as Spider-Man and the X-Men. Additionally, a handful of television movies based on Marvel Comics characters have been made.

Films

Main article: List of films based on Marvel Comics

Live-action films in development (as of July 2010[update]) include:

A series of direct-to-DVD animated features began in 2006 with the release of Ultimate Avengers, Ultimate Avengers 2, and The Invincible Iron Man.

Theme-parks

Marvel has licensed its characters for theme-parks and attractions, including at the Universal Orlando Resort's Islands of Adventure, in Orlando, Florida, which includes rides based on their iconic characters and costumed performers.[56] Universal theme parks in California and Japan also have Marvel rides.[57] In early 2007 Marvel and developer the Al Ahli Group announced plans to build Marvel's first full theme park, in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, by 2011.[57]

Video games

Main article: List of video games based on Marvel comics

Role-playing games

TSR published the pen-and-paper role-playing game Marvel Super Heroes in 1984. TSR then released the Marvel Super Heroes Adventure Game in 1998. In 2003 Marvel Comics published their own role-playing game, the Marvel Universe Roleplaying Game. This incarnation was discontinued a short time later after several team specific supplements.

Controversies

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (July 2010)
This article's Criticism or Controversy section(s) may mean the article does not present a neutral point of view of the subject. It may be better to integrate the material in those sections into the article as a whole. (June 2010)

Page 16 of Captain America #602 (March 2010) depicted an anti-tax protest march in Idaho in which one participant held a sign reading "Tea Bag the Libs Before They Tea Bag You," with a caption containing the words of an off-screen African-American superhero, the Falcon, telling Captain America, "I don't exactly see a black man from Harlem fitting in with a bunch of angry white folks."[58][59][60] The cartoon drew the condemnation of Michael Johns, a board member of the Nationwide Tea Party Coalition.[59] Marvel Comics Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada characterized the sign as inadvertent and as "something that we need to apologize for and own up to...."[61] Quesada explained that with a printing deadline looming, the comic's editor noticed that the protest group's signs on the original art were empty, and the editor "asked the letterer on the book to just fudge in some quick signs. The letterer in his rush ... looked on the 'net and started pulling slogans from actual signs," including a "Tea Bag" sign. Following the printing of the issue, Marvel staff "caught the mistake" and "spoke to the letterer, [who] was mortified at his mistake and was truly sorry as he had no political agenda." Quesada said Marvel "removed the sign from the art files so that it no longer appears in future reprints of the title or collections. So, while the crowd protesting has nothing to do with the villains in the story, we in no way meant to say they were associated with the Tea Party movement...."[61]

Imprints

Defunct

See also

New York City portal
Companies portal

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Annual Report 2007" (PDF). Marvel.com SEC Filings. http://www.marvel.com/company/pdfs/10-k_as_filed_3-25_00054158.PDF. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  2. ^ SECInfo.com: "Marvel Entertainment/Inc. 10-K for 12/31/07", filed February 28, 2008
  3. ^ Ultimate Marvel Universe. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
  4. ^ Marvel Comics official site Retrieved October 18, 2008
  5. ^ a b c Per statement of ownership, dated October 2, 1939, published in Marvel Mystery Comics #4 (February 1940), p. 40; reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: Golden Age Marvel Comics Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2004, ISBN 0-7851-1609-5), p. 239
  6. ^ a b Per researcher Keif Fromm, Alter Ego #49, p. 4 (caption), Marvel Comics #1, cover-dated October 1939, quickly sold out 80,000 copies, prompting Goodman to produce a second printing, cover-dated November 1939. The latter appears identical except for a black bar over the October date in the inside front-cover indicia, and the November date added at the end. That sold approximately 800,000 copies - a large figure in the market of that time. Also per Fromm, the first issue of Captain America Comics sold nearly one million copies.
  7. ^ "Grand Comics Database: "Powerhouse Pepper"". Comics.org. http://www.comics.org/search.lasso?type=character&query=powerhouse+pepper&sort=chrono&Submit=Search. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  8. ^ A Smithsonian Book of Comic-Book Comics (Smithsonian Institution / Harry N. Abrams, 1981)
  9. ^ unpublished Martin Goodman biography by Joseph Lovece
  10. ^ Simon, Joe, with Jim Simon. The Comic Book Makers (Crestwood/II Publications, 1990), p. 208. ISBN 1-887591-35-4
  11. ^ Per Les Daniels in Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics (Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1991) ISBN 0-8109-3821-9, pp. 67-68: "The success of EC had a definite influence on Marvel. As Stan Lee recalls, 'Martin Goodman would say, "Stan, let's do a different kind of book," and it was usually based on how the competition was doing. When we found that EC's horror books were doing well, for instance, we published a lot of horror books'".
  12. ^ Library of Congress copyright information at Grand Comics Database: Amazing Adventures #3
  13. ^ Apocryphal legend has it that in 1961, during a game of golf, either Jack Liebowitz or Irwin Donenfeld of rival DC Comics (then known as National Periodical Publications) bragged about DC's success with the Justice League (which had debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 [February 1960] before going on to its own title) to Timely and Atlas publisher Martin Goodman. However, film producer and comics historian Michael Uslan partly debunked the story in a letter published in Alter Ego #43 (December 2004), pp. 43-44:
    “ Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers. ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News). ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces. ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. ”

    Goodman, a publishing trend-follower aware of the JLA's strong sales, did direct his comics editor, Stan Lee, to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee in Origins of Marvel Comics (Simon and Schuster/Fireside Books, 1974), p. 16:

    “ Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The [sic] Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, ' why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes?' ”
  14. ^ "Complete Marvel Reading Order - Fantastic Four #1 (v1)". Cmro.travis-starnes.com. 2009-10-16. http://cmro.travis-starnes.com/detail.php?idvalue=1&order_numvalue=1&titlevalue=Fantastic%20Four&issuevalue=1&volumevalue=1. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  15. ^ "Marvel Original Superhero Comics of the 1960s", StoryPilot.com, n.d.
  16. ^ Genter, Robert. "'With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility': Cold War Culture and the Birth of Marvel Comics", The Journal of Popular Culture 40:6, 2007
  17. ^ Commentators such as comics historian Greg Theakston have suggested that the decision to include monsters and initially to distance the new breed of superheroes from costumes was a conscious one[by whom?], and born of necessity. Since DC distributed Marvel's output at the time, Theakston theorizes that "Goodman and Lee decided to keep their superhero line looking as much like their horror line as they possibly could," downplaying "the fact that [Marvel] was now creating heroes" with the knock-on effect that they ventured "into deeper waters, where DC had never considered going". See: Ro, Ronin. Tales to Astonish: Jack Kirby, Stan Lee and the American Comic Book Revolution, pp. 86-88 (Bloomsbury, 2004)
  18. ^ Monday, Oct. 31, 1960 (1960-10-31). "''Time'' (October 31, 1960): "The Real Brand X"". Time.com. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938716,00.html. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  19. ^ Boucher, Geoff, "Hero Complex" (column): "Jack Kirby, the abandoned hero of Marvel's grand Hollywood adventure, and his family's quest", Los Angeles Times, September 25, 2009 (online; scheduled for print edition September 27, 2009)
  20. ^ [[Peter Sanderson}Sanderson, Peter]]. Comics in Context #14: "Continuity/Discontinuity", IGN.com, October 10, 2003
  21. ^ Daniels, Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics, p. 139.
  22. ^ Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc.
  23. ^ Nyberg, Amy Kiste. Seal of Approval: History of the Comics Code. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, Miss., 1998
  24. ^ Daniels, Marvel, pp.154-155
  25. ^ "Atlas Archives". Atlas Archives. http://www.atlasarchives.com/index.html. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  26. ^ Specific series- and issue-dates in article are collectively per GCD and other databases given under References
  27. ^ Both pencils and inks per UHBMCC; GCD remains uncertain on inker.
  28. ^ "Marvel Focuses On Direct Sales," The Comics Journal #59 (October 1980), pp. 11-12.
  29. ^ "DC Overcomes Marvel In Sales," The Comics Journal #118 (December 1987), p. 24.
  30. ^ a b "Marvel Reaches Agreement to Emerge from Bankruptcy," New York Times (July 11, 1997), p. D3.
  31. ^ Raviv, Dan. Comic Wars. New York: Random House, 2002. page number?
  32. ^ "Bye Bye Marvel; Here Comes Image: Portacio, Claremont, Liefeld, Jim Lee Join McFarlane's New Imprint at Malibu," The Comics Journal #148 (February 1992), pp. 11-12.
  33. ^ Duin, Steve and Richardson, Mike (ed.s) "Capital City" in Comics Between the Panels (Dark Horse Publishing, 1998) ISBN 1-56971-344-8, p. 69
  34. ^ "Rozanski, Chuck, "Diamond Ended Up With 50% of the Comics Market". MileHighComics.com (n.d.)". Milehighcomics.com. http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg131.html. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  35. ^ ""Diamond Comic Distributors acquires Capital City Distribution; Comic distribution industry stabilized by purchase," bNet: Business Wire (July 26, 1996)". Findarticles.com. 1996-07-26. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1996_July_26/ai_18526328. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  36. ^ "Hello Again: Marvel Goes with Diamond," The Comics Journal #193 (February 1997), pp. 9-10.
  37. ^ Duin, Steve and Richardson, Mike (ed.s) "Diamond Comic Distributors" in Comics Between the Panels (Dark Horse Publishing, 1998) ISBN 1-56971-344-8, p. 125-126
  38. ^ ""Franchises: Marvel Comics"". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=marvelcomics.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  39. ^ "Entertainment | Lawsuit filed by Spider-Man creator". BBC News. 2002-11-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2458083.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  40. ^ "Guiding Light Comes to Comics! | Marvel.com News". Marvel.com. http://marvel.com/news/comicstories.682.guiding_light. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  41. ^ Gustines, George. "Pulpy TV and Soapy Comics Find a Lot to Agree On", The New York Times, October 31, 2006
  42. ^ "Marvel Universe wiki". Marvel.com. 2007-06-11. http://www.marvel.com/universe/Main_Page. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  43. ^ Colton, David. "Marvel Comics Shows Its Marvelous Colors in Online Archive", USA Today, November 12, 2007
  44. ^ Doran, Michael (April 3, 2009). "C.B. Cebulski on Marvel's Closed Open Submissions Policy". Newsarama. http://www.newsarama.com/comics/090403-cebeulski-marvel-submissions.html. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  45. ^ "Disney to Acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4B". Marketwatch. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/disney-to-acquire-marvel-entertainment-for-4b-2009-08-31. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
  46. ^ "News Corp. and Haim Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion". Saban.com press release. July 23, 2001. http://www.saban.com/html/press/010723.html. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  47. ^ Marvel Shareholders OK Disney Acquisition, Marketwatch, December 31, 2009
  48. ^ Disney Completes Marvel Acquisition, Fox Business, December 31, 2009
  49. ^ a b c d e f g Sanderson, Peter. The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City, (Pocket Books, 2007) p. 59. ISBN 1-4165-3141-6, ISBN 978-1-4165-3141-8
  50. ^ "Exclusive: Chris Hemsworth on Thor!". Superhero Hype!. 2010-05-14. http://www.superherohype.com/news/articles/101160-exclusive-chris-hemsworth-on-thor. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
  51. ^ "Matthew Vaughn's X-Men: First Class Set for June 2011 Release". Slashfilm.com. 2010-05-04. http://www.slashfilm.com/2010/05/04/matthew-vaughns-x-men-first-class-set-for-june-2011-release/. Retrieved 2010-05-4.
  52. ^ "Captain America & Bucky Cast for 'The First Avenger: Captain America' Film". Marvel.com News. 2010-04-02. http://marvel.com/news/moviestories.11746.captain_america~and~bucky_cast_for_2011_film. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  53. ^ "Thor, Captain America and Avengers Updates". Coming Soon. 2008-09-29. http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=55128. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  54. ^ "Spider-Man Swings Into Theaters in 3D". Comingsoon.net. 2010-02-10. http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=63191. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  55. ^ "Wolverine Japan Adventure Is a Go". The Hollywood Reporter. 2010-03-10. http://buzz.hollywoodreporter.com/2010/03/03/wolverine-japan-adventure-is-a-go/. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  56. ^ Universal's Islands of Adventures: Marvel Super Hero Island official site
  57. ^ a b Reuters newswire, "Marvel Theme Park to Open in Dubai by 2011", March 22, 2007
  58. ^ Rhett, Joshua. ""Tea Party Jab to Be Zapped from Captain America Comic, Writer Says," Fox News, February 10, 2010". Foxnews.com. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/02/09/tea-party-reference-captain-america-removed/. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  59. ^ a b Itzkoff, Dave (2010-02-10). ""Stars and Gripes: Tea Party Protests Captain America Comic," ''The New York Times'', February 10, 2010". Artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com. http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/10/stars-and-gripes-tea-party-protests-captain-america-comic/. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  60. ^ Captain America #602 (March 2010). Writer Ed Brubaker, penciler Luke Ross, colorist Dean White, letterer Joe Caramagna, editor Tom Brevoort, editor-in-chief Joe Quesada
  61. ^ a b Quesada, Joe (10 February 2010). "Cup O' Joe: Political Controversy & the Heroic Age". CBR.com. http://comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=24784. Retrieved 11 February 2010.

References

External links

Marvel Comics
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A. stop with the comics only geeks read them start reading manga u will grow
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